MATTER, STRUCTURE, AND PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE

Understand and apply knowledge of basic scientific and mathematical skills, safe laboratory practices, and issues of public concern related to the field of chemistry.

• Apply appropriate mathematical skills (e.g., algebraic operations, graphing, statistics, scientific notation) and technology to collect, analyze, and report data to solve problems in chemistry.

• Select appropriate experimental procedures and equipment for the measurement and determination of chemical reactions and properties.

• Recognize safety practices in the chemistry laboratory, including the characteristics and purposed of chemical hygiene plans.

• Evaluate the role of chemistry in daily life, including ways in which basic research and the development of new technology affect society.

Understand and apply knowledge of periodic relationships and the nature of matter.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the chemical constitution of matter as elements, compounds, and mixtures.

• Distinguish between physical and chemical change.

• Demonstrate knowledge of basic techniques used to separate substances based on differences in properties.

• Analyze the periodic nature of the elements and the relationship between their electron configuration and the periodic table.

• Connect the chemical and physical properties of elements to electron configurations.

• Demonstrate proficiency at naming compounds and writing formulas.

Understand and apply knowledge of the development and central concepts of atomic theory and structure, including the quantum mechanical model.

• Recognize the central concepts of atomic theory and atomic structure.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the historical progression in the development of the theory of the atom, including the contributions of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr.

• Describe the energy of an electron in an atom or ion in terms of the four quantum numbers.

• Demonstrate a qualitative knowledge of the role of probability in the description of an orbital's size and shape.

• Analyze the properties of an atomic nucleus that affect its stability.

• Apply strategies for writing and balancing equations for nuclear reactions (e.g., fission, fusion, radioactivity and bombardment).

Understand and apply knowledge of the formation of bonds and the geometry and properties of the resulting compounds.

• Analyze electron behavior in the formation of various types of bonds (e.g., ionic, covalent) and the polarity of compounds in terms of shape and electronegativity differences.

• Apply the concepts of Lewis structures, valence-shell electron-pair repulsion, and hybridization to describe molecular geometry and bonding.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the general features and properties of compounds of metals, nonmetals, and transition elements and the materials derived from them.

• Describe the hybridization of the central atom based on the geometry of coordination compounds.

Understand and apply knowledge of the kinetic molecular theory and the nature and properties of molecules in the gaseous, liquid, and solid states.

• Demonstrate knowledge of the basic principles of the kinetic molecular theory.

• Explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases and changes of state in terms of the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces.

• Apply various laws related to the properties and behavior of ideal gases (e.g., combined gas laws, ideal gas law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of diffusion) to solve problems.

• Demonstrate an understanding of the differences between real and ideal gases.

• Interpret phase diagrams and use them to explain the transitions between solids, liquids, and gases.

• Classify unknown solids as molecular, metallic, ionic, and covalent network  solids according to their physical and chemical properties.

Understand and apply knowledge of the interactions of particles in solution and the properties of solutions.

• Describe the solution process, including the effects of temperature and pressure on the solubility of solids, liquids, and gases.
• Analyze the qualitative colligative properties of solutions, including the practical applications of these properties to technological problems.
• Demonstrate knowledge of how to prepare solutions of specific concentrations, including molality, molarity, normality, mole fraction, and percent by weight.
• Select appropriate solvents for the dissociation or purification of solid compounds.

STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Understand and apply knowledge of the concepts and principles of chemical equations and stoichiometry.

• Classify types of chemical reactions and balance equations to describe chemical reactions.

• Use mass and mole relationships in an equation to solve stoichiometric problems (including percent yield and limiting reactants).

• Use gas laws and solution concentrations to solve stoichiometric problems (including percent yield and limiting reactants).

• Demonstrate proficiency at converting between percent composition and the formulas of compounds (including both empirical and molecular formulas).

Understand and apply knowledge of the concepts and principles of acid-base chemistry.

• Compare the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases.

• Recognize the relationship between acid and base strength, pH, and molecular structure.

• Recognize the relationships between acid and base strength, pH, and molecular structure.

• Explain the characteristics of buffered solutions in terms of chemical equilibrium of weak acids.

• Demonstrate an understanding of how to prepare a standardized solution or a buffer of a specified pH, given the Ka of various acids and a standardized NaOH solution.

• Design and analyze the results of an acid-base titration (which may include selecting an appropriate indicator or interpreting a titration curve).

Understand and apply knowledge of thermodynamics and their applications to chemical systems.

• Recognize the relationships among enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and the equilibrium constant.

• Evaluate the thermodynamic feasibility of various reactions and calculate energy changes during chemical reactions.

• Analyze the thermodynamics and kinetic dynamics that move a reversible reaction to a position of chemical equilibrium.

• Apply Le Chatelier's principle to analyze reversible reactions.

Understand and apply knowledge of electrochemistry.

• Demonstrate an understanding of oxidation/reduction reactions and their relationship to standard reduction potentials.

• Demonstrate an understanding of electrolysis reactions.

• Balance redox reactions.

• Demonstrate knowledge of devising and building electrochemical cells.

Understand and apply knowledge of the mechanisms of chemical reactions and the theory and practical application of reaction rates.

• Recognize the basics of collision and transition-state theories and the significance of the Arrhenius equation.

• Explain how various factors (e.g., temperature, catalysts) influence reaction rates.

• Analyze experimental data involving reaction rates, concentration, and/or time to determine kinetic parameters (e.g., reaction orders, rate constants, activation energy).

• Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship of rate laws to reaction mechanisms. 

Understand and apply knowledge of major aspects of organic chemistry.

• Identify the functional group classification and nomenclature of organic compounds and the general characteristics and reactions of each group.

• Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and mechanisms of substitution, addition, elimination, and other reactions of organic molecules.

• Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate separation, purification, and identification schemes for organic molecules (e.g., chromatography, spectroscopy).

• Recognize the general structure, properties, and uses or organic polymers, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other practical products.

• Demonstrate an understanding of the structure, properties, and function of common biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and how these biomolecules are involved in life processes. 

• Recognize the general features of three-dimensional structures, bonding, molecular properties, and reactivity of organic molecules.

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